CMC#	Market Cap (USD)	Volume (24hr)	Circulating Supply	NVTS	Change (7d)	Change (24h)	Savings Per 1K
160	$199,755,000.00	$13,772,500.00	200,529,000 GUSD	--	-1.73%	-0.32%	$17.23

Background

Gemini Dollar was created by Gemini Trust Company, LLC (Gemini), a New York trust company. Gemini operates under the direct supervision and regulatory authority of the New York State Department of Financial Services and is subject to the New York Banking Law and other applicable U.S. laws and regulations. Gemini maintains the necessary licenses and registrations to lawfully issue Gemini dollars. The specifications of the Gemini dollar require a network that allows for the development of decentralized applications (including smart contracts) that may be used to store and transfer value according to certain conditions set by the developer. The Gemini dollar can be transferred on the Ethereum network and stored in any Ethereum address. Gemini has the ability to upgrade the Gemini dollar token in order to resolve vulnerabilities, extend the system with new features, and improve the system and optimize its operational efficiency. Furthermore, in order to comply with regulations, Gemini can pause, block, or reverse token transfers in response to a security incident or if legally obligated or compelled to do so by a court of law or other governmental bodies. There are three kinds of smart contracts used by Gemini Dollar: ‘Proxy,’ ‘Impl,’ and ‘Store.’ ‘Proxy’ is the public face of the Gemini dollar. ‘Proxy’ delegates the right to execute the logic that governs token transfers, issuance, and other core features to the smart contract known as ‘Impl' ‘Impl’ delegates ownership of the ledger to the smart contract known as ‘Store’ ‘Store’ —the external and eternal Gemini dollar ledger To ensure that trustworthiness and stability are maintained, an offline approval mechanism is used where each smart contract in the Gemini dollar system is required to look to a custodian for approval. To upgrade the contract, the current instance of ‘Impl’ is replaced by instructing ‘Proxy’ (via ‘Custodian’) to delegate active token implementation to a new instance of ‘Impl,’ and instructing ‘Store’ (via ‘Custodian’) to treat this new instance of ‘Impl’ as its single trusted source when accepting updates to the Gemini dollar ledger.

Technology

Gemini uses multiple security measures in order to protect user funds. Offline keys are used to approve high-risk actions are stored offline in Gemini's proprietary cold storage system. Keys are generated, stored, and managed through onboard hardware security modules (HSMs). Gemini only uses HSMs, each a “signer,” that has achieved a rating of FIPS PUB 140-2 Level 3 or higher. Multi-signature design utilizes M of N signing in order to provide security and fault tolerance. A time lock system provides a grace period to detect and preemptively respond to security incidents. Pending actions can be revoked, allowing for the nullification of erroneous or malicious actions before being executed. The full smart contract code for GUSD can be found at: https://etherscan.io/address/0x056fd409e1d7a124bd7017459dfea2f387b6d5cd#code.

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